Research Proposal Writing Help: the Ultimate Convenience!

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Bonny Lee Bakley, Murdered Wife of Actor Robert Blake

Bonny Lee Bakley was not a good girl. She was a con artist who used sex and deception to bilk men—many of the rich and famous—out of their money, and their children out of their inheritance. She was shot to death in May 2001 and her husband at the time, actor Robert Blake, was charged with the crime. Still, there was a long list of other people with a motive. Bakleys Childhood Years Bonny Lee Bakley was born June 7, 1956 in Morristown, New Jersey. As a young girl, her dreams were similar to others her age, to one day become rich and famous. Perhaps her impoverished home helped to drive these fantasies. Or, perhaps the desire to leave her hometown and begin her road to stardom grew deeper after she suffered from sexual abuse by her father. Whatever the cause, her drive for stardom became a blind obsession. Marriage for Profit It is believed that Bakley felt ostracized as a child for being poor. She grew to be an attractive teen. She decided to try modeling, and she signed on with a nearby agency. Through the agency,​ she met an immigrant named Evangelos Paulakis, who was desperate to stay in the U.S. and needed to get married  to do so. Bakley agreed to marry him for a price, but not long after the two shared I dos, Bakley, with the money safely tucked away, ended the marriage, and Paulakis was picked by the authorities and deported. After high school, Bakley headed to New York to begin her climb to stardom. She started calling herself Lee Bonny. She managed to get various small modeling jobs, and even worked as an extra in a few movies. But her goal of becoming a star was not  happening. So, she set her attention on other ways to achieve, if not stardom, the fortune that came with it. Her focus switched from becoming a star to marrying one. Bakleys Sex Scam Business In her mid-twenties, Bakley married her cousin, Paul Gawron, a laborer who was street tough and prone to violent behavior. They had two children who Gawron mainly cared for while Bakley worked toward her new endeavor, a mail-order business that focused on scamming lonely men out of money. Had Bakley not chosen a less-than-desirable avenue, her  entrepreneurial  spirit mixed with her ability to market, organize, and profit in a highly competitive industry could have been admirable. Gawron and Bakley had a twisted and volatile marriage. Bakley, who was busy scamming money from men, sometimes in the couples bedroom, was satisfied to let Gawron stay home. He seemed to enjoy not having to work. But, by 1982, the marriage ended. Bakleys obsession to be in the inner circles of the famous mixed with the fact that she was not getting any younger. This motivated her decision to leave her kids in Gawrons care and head to Memphis, Tennessee, to the door of musical artist, Jerry Lee Lewis. Bakley Stalks Jerry Lee Lewis Bakleys money-making sex schemes coupled with her use of stolen credit cards and identification kept her mobile, and she was able to fly to locations where Jerry Lee Lewis was performing. Bordering stalking, Bakley  would often crash parties and show up at performances just to get in closer to Lewis. Finally, the two met around 1982, and a friendship developed. Jerry Lee Lewis and Bakley remained friends until Bakley became pregnant and told everyone that the childs father was Jerry Lee Lewis and that he was leaving his wife to marry her. When the child was born, Bakley named her  Jerry Lee and put on the ​​birth certificate, father undetermined. The friendship between Lewis and Bakley ended and baby Jerry Lee was sent to live with Bakleys ex-husband and her other children. Later it was discovered that Bakley made death threats against Lewiss wife. Bakleys Anything Goes Policy Bakleys address book filled up with names, some famous and some just rich. Names such as Robert DeNiro, Sugar Ray Leonard, and Jimmy Swaggart were found among the list. Bakleys sex business became bolder, and she advertised in sex magazines that she was a tri-sexual, meaning she would try anything once and her preference was sadomasochism, couples sex, and bisexuality. She swindled men out of hundreds of thousands of dollars with her anything goes claims. Bakley was arrested for trying to write bad checks to the tune of $200,000 and was sentenced to report to a penal farm on weekends for three years. In Arkansas, she was arrested for carrying more than 30 fake identifications and was placed on probation. When she completed her sentence in Tennessee, and her friendship with Lewis was over, she decided it was time to leave the South, and she headed to the land of fame and stardom—Hollywood. Bakley and Robert Blake Tie the Knot Bonny continued running  sex scams in magazines, and dating a few stars, one being Christian Brando. How she and Baretta star Robert Blake met, depends on who you ask. Bakleys sister said they met at a jazz club and bonded from across the room. Blakes attorney said Robert Blake did not even know her name and they had sex in the back of a truck, never in his home. Whatever is the truth, one thing was for certain; it was not a match made in heaven. Shortly after the affair began, Bakley told Blake that she was pregnant. Sources say Bakley was taking fertility pills as a way to trap the star into her web. When the baby was born, she named her  Christian Shannon Brando and listed Brando as the father. A  paternity test later proved the father to be Blake. Bonny Lee and Robert Blake married in November 2000, and Bonny moved into a guest house on the property. Bakleys Murder After only six months of marriage, in May 2001, Blake and Bakley went to dinner at Vitellos Italian Restaurant, where Blake was a regular customer. After dinner, the two walked to their car. According to Blake, he realized he left his revolver at the restaurant and left to retrieve it. When he returned to the car, he found Bakley with a gunshot wound to her head, dying in the front seat. Blake ran for help, but Bakley soon died. After a year of investigations, Blake was arrested and charged with the murder of Bonny Lee Bakley. On March 15, 2005, a jury of seven women and five men deliberated for more than 36 hours before returning a verdict of not guilty in the murder of his wife and not guilty on one count of soliciting someone to murder her.   Although acquitted in criminal court, the Baretta star was not so lucky in civil court, where a verdict does not need to be unanimous.  A civil jury decided 10 to 2 that  the tough-guy actor was behind the slaying and ordered him to pay Bonny Lee Bakley’s four children $30 million. Resources and Further Reading King, Gary C. Murder In Hollywood: The Secret Life and Mysterious Death of Bonny Lee Bakley. St. Martins, 2001.Bloom, Lisa. â€Å"Our Bodies, Ourselves: Clara Harris and Bonny Bakley.† Court TV, The Internet Archive, 13 Mar. 2003.

Homosexual Marriage and the Catholic Church Essay

Homosexual Marriage and the Catholic Church Imagine you were born into a world where being straight was taboo. You were raised by same sex parents, as all of your friends. Fornication of the opposite sex was merely to have children, but a relationship between the two was virtually unheard of. It was believed that same sex parents provided a better home for children. Love between a man and a man (or a woman and a woman) was believed to be the perfect love because it was loving an equal. If one should love the opposite sex it was believed that they secretly wanted to be that sex. Everything you have ever known and been taught was based around same sex relationships. When you watch television every program along with every†¦show more content†¦The terminology generally used for male homosexuality is gay. In the same, homosexual women generally prefer the term lesbian. Before one can understand homosexuality, the person must first understand sexual orientation. Sexual orientation is one of the four components of sexuality and is distinguished by an enduring emotional, romantic, sexual or affectionate attraction to individual of a particular gender. The three other components of sexuality are biological sex, gender identity, and social sex role. Three sexual orientations are commonly recognized. These being : homosexual; attraction to ones own sex, heterosexual; attraction to the opposite sex, and bisexual; attraction to both sexes (Clausen 25-27). The way a particular sexual orientation develops in an individual is not well understood at this point. Various theories have proposed different sources, including genetic or inborn hormonal factors and life experiences during early childhood. Many scientists share the view that sexual orientation is shaped for most people at an early age through complex interactions of biological, psychological and social factors. Sexual orientation emerges for most people in early adolescence without any prior sexual experience. Psychologists do not con sider sexual orientation for most people to be a conscious choice that can be voluntarily changed. Some people report trying veryShow MoreRelatedEssay about Religion and Gay Rights1124 Words   |  5 Pagesservices, insurance companies and the wedding industry just to name a few. Many believe legalizing marriage for same-sex couples would not only change the meaning of marriage, but change society all together. On the matter of religion, homosexuality is a very sensitive topic and has been throughout history. Every religion has their own opinions and beliefs for homosexuality and same-sex marriage based on their interpretation of their sacred text. The members of these churches and congregationsRead MoreA New Era For Catholicism?1324 Words   |  6 PagesA New Era for Catholicism? There has been a new renewal in the Catholic Church since Argentina’s Bishop, Father Francis, became the new Pope. This renewal appears evident when listening to the Pope’s speech on homosexuality. Many of the world’s approximately one billion Catholics were shocked that he is taking a liberal stance in the Church and opening the Catholic community to these supposed sinners. However, it is important to consider why people still view Pope Francis as an open-minded PopeRead MoreThe Rights Of The Lgbtq Community1217 Words   |  5 PagesThe LGBTQ community has been denied certain rights because of their sexual preference. Because there is not a natural born man and woman standing at the aisle, many states deny them the right to marriage. Many protest the rights the LGBTQ community should be able to have. The Catholic Church has condemned the LGBTQ community since the beginning of time. While some states have changed their views and laws on LGBTQ rights and privile ges, there is still much improvement that needs to be done. Who givesRead MoreHomosexualiy and the Catholic Church Essay1568 Words   |  7 PagesHomosexualiy and the Catholic Church For us in Scotland homosexuality is one of the most prominent issues in Church and society today. Gay-rights advocates and activists are pushing a strong political agenda from the left#8212;job benefits for domestic partners, civil recognition for gay marriages, the right to bear ones own children via reproductive technologies, equal access to adoption, anti-discrimination statutes. At the same time, the government has changed legislation regarding theRead MoreSynthesis Paper on Gay Marriage1240 Words   |  5 Pagesarticle, â€Å"Gay marriage proposals destructive to society, Vatican official says,† is an argument against gay marriage. The author, John Thavis, claims that homosexuals are just struggling to find themselves and that same-sex marriage disrupts the normal sexuality and fertility of a couple. In â€Å"Support for Homosexuals’ Civil Liberties†, Kristin Kenneavy discusses how religious outlooks influence a family’s beliefs on same sex marriag e. The two articles show the different views on gay marriage by explainingRead MoreTyler Dudley. Ms. Elliott. Ap English/2P. 24 January 2017.1481 Words   |  6 PagesTyler Dudley Ms. Elliott AP English/2p 24 January 2017 Same Sex Marriage Research Paper There are many different topics in the world that split people’s opinions. Some stronger than others. These views and opinions are often swayed by one’s political views, and one of the biggest topics that sparks controversy are the rights of all people. Some of the bigger groups are Black Lives Matter and feminists. While these are very big and prominent, the one that sparks the most controversy is the LGBT communityRead MoreArguments For Same Sex Marriage1483 Words   |  6 Pagesare allowed. Arguments for same-sex marriage, despite being backed up with hard legal evidence and Supreme Court rulings, continue to face opposition on the grounds of religious beliefs and personal values. Often cited by Catholics is an interpretation of marriage as â€Å"a promise made to God† and â€Å"a holy sacrament† that is only to be shared between one man and one woman. Other biblical interpretations suggest that a capital sin is committed by those in homosexual relati onships and therefore must beRead MoreSexual Morality And The Catholic Church1180 Words   |  5 PagesMorality and The Catholic Church All the feelings resulting from the urge to indulge in sexual impulses is virtually in everyone, as advertisements from burgers to any automobile can inform you. Along with that, the desire to glorify a divine being resonates within many as well. In early Abrahamic faiths, sex was commemorated as a source of holiness and sanctification when used in a proper manner. These proper manners consist of three points: 1. Only between man and woman (condemns homosexual partnerships)Read MoreThe Catholic Church Should Accept That Gay Marriage1526 Words   |  7 Pages The Catholic Church should accept that gay marriage is morally acceptable and doesn’t contradict their beliefs. Gay marriage has been a topic of controversy ever since the 1970’s. May of 1970 to be exact. Around This time two men named Richard John Jack Baker and James Michael McConnell in Minnesota applied to Hennepin County District Court clerk Gerald Nelson for a marriage license. They were denied because they both were men. This issue of two people of the same sex getting married isRead MoreGay Marriage Moment Essay951 Words   |  4 PagesGay Marriage Moment Gay marriage should be allowed nobody is perfect. In this world we all have the ability to love somebody. We shouldn’t judge others, all of us are human beings just because we don’t like a man or women of our kind. Each one of us that are homosexuals or lesbians or gays. Doesn’t mean that we can’t have the same things as men and women some people believe that same sex marriage is against their morals and their religious won’t accept it. Gay marriage should be allowed because the

Concept Analysis Quality Of Life Essay - 2504 Words

Concepts are terms that talk about phenomena that occurs either in nature or in thoughts. Concept has been described as an abstract term originated from specific attributes and â€Å"a symbolic statement describing a phenomenon or a class of phenomena† (McEwen Wills, 2014, p. 50). Concept analysis expands the knowledge needed in our careers and enriches and widens the continuously changing knowledge in nursing. The term â€Å"quality of life† is frequently used in in nursing practice. However, the definition of this term is very ambiguous and interpretations of its meaning often vary. Numerous authors of previous concept analyses of quality of life emphasize the importance of developing a concept of quality of life that is exclusive to nursing and not built on the viewpoints of sociology or other disciplines (Plummer Molzahn, 2009) Quality of life is a concept that has been becoming a more integral part of health care and nursing theories as time passes by. Improving quality of life is one of the most important outcomes of nursing interventions and practice. The rising number of older adults with chronic diseases, the increased expectations and demands for a good life, and major changes in our healthcare system, has led to increased concern for the enhancement of quality of life of our aging population, but the ambiguous nature and subjectivity of this term leads to a lack of clarity on how this should be accomplished. (Plummer Molzahn, 2009). The purpose of this paper is toShow MoreRelatedConcept Analysis: Quality of LIfe3398 Words   |  14 PagesTheoretical Perspectives of the Discipline Quality of Life: A Concept Analysis Kayla L. Chesley North Dakota State University Instructor: Norma Kiser-Larson Introduction What does quality of life mean? How would a person define the concept of quality of life? Philosophers have studied questions similar to these in the aspect of what constitutes a â€Å"good† life for hundreds of years. There really is no certain date to the origin of quality of life as a specific term. In the years 1953 to 1954Read MoreThe Concept Of Quality Of Life1442 Words   |  6 PagesModel Case A model is â€Å"a real life example of the use of the concept that includes all the critical attributes of the concept† (Walker Avant, 2011 p.163). The model case for the purposes of this paper is for the concept of quality of life. Sean is a 49 year old, widowed father of two adult daughters, whom he clearly loves and through objective data is supported by family, friends and church family. His oldest daughter is expecting her first child which will be a boy in just a few shortRead MoreThe Concept Of The Care Of Terminal Patients1532 Words   |  7 PagesABSTRACT The concept of the care of terminal patients is one that eventually affects almost all nurses and almost all patients. Caring for rather than curing patients is becoming more necessary, but it is still a harrowing process for medical personnel to accept and facilitate. More education, exposure, and training are needed, which is why this topic was selected. The intent of this paper is to clarify the process in a concept analysis, based on Walker and Avant’s method, that explores the differentRead MoreNursing Theory Concept Analysis : Nursing Theories1357 Words   |  6 PagesNursing Theory Concept Analysis Introduction With the numerous nursing theories that have been established throughout the profession, it has become empirical for nursing professionals to be able to sort through the various concepts and critically analyze the significance for individual practice as well as the profession of nursing as a whole. Nursing theories should be analyzed and investigated for the value before acceptance just as new ideas are reviewed prior to implementation into practice.Read MoreApplication Of Concept Analysis For Clinical Practice1254 Words   |  6 PagesApplication of Concept Analysis to Clinical Practice Introduction The article is â€Å"eHealth: A Concept Analysis from a Nursing Perspective† from the Canadian Journal of Nursing Informatics, written by Jeff Reed of Arthur Labatt Family School of Nursing, Western University. The main goal of this article was to provide an accurate definition of eHealth, in the context of nursing. The emergence of technology in health care has been very rapid and changing the health care sector exponentially. This developmentRead MoreSoftware Testing : Testing And Testing1470 Words   |  6 Pages1. Introduction Software testing has always been a vital step in software development process and is a very important technique used in quality assurance. A study proves that 30 – 50% of the project’s effort is put in testing and off this major part, a big piece is dedicated to developer’s testing. This developer’s testing is proved to be an efficient technique to detect and solve the defects in the early process of the development process. With this increasing popularity of unit testing, a numberRead MoreFamily Centered Care : A Concept Analysis Essay878 Words   |  4 Pages A Concept Analysis Jessica Giangrande, RN, BSN Georgia Southern University (intro) â€Å"Family-centered care† is a term heard often in healthcare settings and in nursing practice. Family-centered care has been recognized as being an integral part to patient health, satisfaction and health care quality (Kuo, et al, 2012). Family-centered care is implemented with the goal to increase partnerships between, families, patients and providers; and has been prioritized as a core-concept ofRead MorePalliative Care : The Hospice Movement Of The 1960s Essay1591 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Æ' Palliative care is a relatively new concept, stemming from the hospice movement of the 1960s. This type of care focuses on the quality of life of its patients at any time in their treatment process. Palliative care is a concept that is often used synonymously with hospice care. Although it can be congregated with hospice care, they are not the same thing. Thus, it can easily be misunderstood. Sherner (2015) explains that both clinicians and people alternate palliative care and hospice. UnfortunatelyRead MoreSwot Analysis Of Wensley ( And Nestle )1067 Words   |  5 PagesBillion (2007) Web site Nestle.com The history of the company The beginning of the company was in 1860 when a pharmacist Henri Nestle developed a special food for infants achieved great success when the recipe, which were made to save the baby s life born premature succeeded did not accept his mother s milk or any other form of food and quickly The formula was sold across Europe. In 1905 the company merged with Anglo-Swiss Milk Company and within a short period the company has opened factoriesRead MoreConcept Analysis : An Essential Part Of Nursing Theory Development1285 Words   |  6 PagesConcept Analysis Abigail Giovacchini Chamberlain College of Nursing  Concept Analysis Concept Analysis is an essential part of nursing theory development. Analyzing concepts of theories assists the reader in defining the attributes of the theory as well as identifying key points developed in the theory. Concept analysis helps clarify theories and evaluate their meanings. Studying the concepts helps us define and explain relationships between nurses and patients and this produces nursing theories

The Contribution Of The Field Of Archaeology - 1911 Words

All of our researchers are or were wholly concerned with creating meaning from the material fragments which characterized our past as humans. Both in terms of our cultural heritage and our social dynamic aspects of culture, the potentials available in archaeological approaches to explain our past vary widely and are often vestiges of their period in time. These four theorists are all of tremendous importance in their respective contributions to the field of archaeology. Throughout the short period of theoretical development within the archaeological discipline, the thought has quickly evolved often mirroring in many way the greater climate of ideas present within the mainstream ethos. In this way each of our theorists present their ideas from a frame unconcerned with others ideas. Comparing these ideas we easily see the representations, mentioned earlier, of the period from which these ideas arise. V. Gordon Childe, for instance, working in the early to mid 19th century, was a part of a world where racism was often projected within the social sciences and ideas of archaeology and anthropology were very much concerned with ethnography in the hopes of saving vestiges of the primitive societies which were thought to be on their way out of existence. His ideas of Frans Boaz argued for the uniqueness of cultures and the influence of individual events in shaping them. In his argument he posits there is no way of comparing cultures universally due to the individuality with whichShow MoreRelatedThe Egyptian Cultural Heritage Program Essay1167 Words   |  5 PagesAssociation and many more. (UCL Institute of Archaeology). Additionally, the time and length of Hassan’s career spans more then 30 years of experience in the field of archeology (UCL Institute of Archaeology). He began his career in 1963 as a teaching assistance in the department of geology in Cairo University in Egypt (UCL Institute of Archaeology). He went on to participate in many research projects and fieldwork from about 1968 until 2009 (UCL Institute of Archaeology). Furthermore, in 2011 Hassan was theRead MoreDoing Archaeological Research Worksheet On The Library1231 Words   |  5 Pagesdigital books and journals Log into Portal. Click on the Library icon. 1. Type medieval archaeology into the Library search quick search box and hit submit. How many sources are found? What kinds of sources are here? 3 points There were 208,606 results found when searching medieval archaeology using the quick search. This search was decreased to 183,794 when the discipline of history and archaeology was applied to the refine search which may be more relevant. There are electronic books, journalRead MoreThe Study of Archaeology Essay examples1056 Words   |  5 PagesAccording to The Society for American Archaeology, the definition of Archaeology is, â€Å"to obtain a chronology of the past, a sequence of events and dates that, in a sense, is a backward extension of history.† The study of ancient civilizations and archaeology is rather ambiguous due to the primitive nature of the time period. With little imagery and even less textual evidence, professionals in the field must work diligently when studying their subjects. Naturally, archaeologists cannot see or communicateRead MoreCulture And Consumption : New Approaches917 Words   |  4 Pagesalso places an emphasis on civic engagement related to archaeology. From the 1990’s to the present they have collaborated on several articles and books on archaeology. In explaining my theoretical perspective, I mention their article on post-processualism on historical archaeology. The two discuss how historical archaeology and post-processual theory can work hand in hand. Shackel and Little also co-wrote a book on civic engagement in archaeology. Shackel once again states Foucault’s work is usefulRead More The Ulu Burun Shipwreck: Underwater Archaeology at its Finest1545 Words   |  7 PagesArchaeology is a continuously evolving field where there is a constant stream of new branches and excavation methods. Due to the influx of new technologies and innovations in recent decades, archaeologists have been able to excavate previously inaccessible areas. For example, new diving equipment and tools such as proton magnetometers, side-scan sonar, sub-bottom profiler, and miniature submarines have allowed archaeologists to dive into the deep depths of the ocean. As a result, the branch of underwaterRead MoreKathleen Kenyon Essay2741 Words   |  11 Pagesresearch paper submitted to professor franklin castello In Partial Fulfillment of the requirements For BIBL – 471 Liberty University Online By Esther Lucas-Robinson october 10, 2010 Esther Lucas-Robinson BIBL – 471 – Biblical Archaeology ‘Kathleen Kenyon’ Introduction Some of the more remarkable archaeological discoveries in the 20th century were made by Dame Kathleen Kenyon. Kathleen Kenyon was born into the heart of the English scholarly community and with all the help thatRead MoreThe Archaeological Theory Of Practice1451 Words   |  6 Pagessite centered and were oriented toward physical material for creating chronology. This included excavations becoming artifact oriented with advances in seriation, stratigraphy, and recording spatial context of remains. This framework provided contributions in the way archology practices are done today by framing the basic anthropological patterns and chronologies and with anthropology practices, systematic cultures that were being destroyed. This framework did have drawbacks in the way that it reducedRead MoreYigael Yadins Archaeological Contributions2430 Words   |  10 PagesYigael Yadin’s Archaeological Contributions Introduction Biblical Archeology has helped in supporting the historicity of the Bible. Not that archaeology proves or disapproves the Bible – this it does not, it only supports the history of the Bible. One of the discoveries that support the biblical historicity is the Dead Sea Scrolls. The Dead Sea Scrolls came from eleven caves, mined over the course of seven years, over 15,000 documents supporting biblical historicity have been unearthedRead MoreThe Conflict Of Science And Belief Systems, Preferential Treatment1532 Words   |  7 Pagesthe academic community that they are â€Å"vitally interested in documenting, preserving, and interpreting Native American history as part of our concern for the overall history of North America,† a passion which is shared by seemingly all those in the field (Jemison). Though some American Indians feel they already know all there is to know of their past through the stories and customs passed down through several generations, it is not hard to imagine how this could paint an incomplete and unreliableRead MoreThe Exhibition : Sex And Symbolism : Hearts, Bodies, Minds1522 Words   |  7 PagesLondon (UCL). The students undertaking this project were split into different subgroups (see Appendix). I was a part of the Collections Management Team. The target audience for the exhibition included students (aged 18-30) from the Institute of Archaeology (IoA) at UCL, staff from the IoA at UCL, students and staff from other UCL departments, visitors from other academic institutions including school groups and prospective students, and adults including young professionals (UCL, 2017:4). The audience

Hydraulic Fracturing free essay sample

Hydraulic Fracturing: An Inconvenient Truth Carolyn Yanoti and Florian Muller 16068325, 16078618 December 5, 2013 Workshop Paper Assignment Final Version Professor Julia Quartz As America looks to find the best source of energy at hand domestically, the use of hydraulic fracturing proves to be the best response. Hydraulic fracturing is more commonly known as fracking, is the process where natural gas is extracted from shale rock areas deep within the earth. In the US, an estimated total of 1. 44 quadrillion cubic feet of shale gas is accessible with this technology. In 2012, 32 states hosted natural gas drillers, with an extensive tendency. In the same year, 24 states considered 127 bills which were dealing with hydraulic fracturing, including regulatory laws in seven states and a ban of hydraulic fracturing in Vermont. More regulatory laws are likely to be enacted, as the opposition to fracking increases (NIA, 2013). This technology has created controversies in the United States over the cost benefits of risks as well as the uncertainties that may result in an unforeseen future. Using a social constructivist approach we will be able to uncover how these controversies are constructed and what actors make up each side of the debate. Understanding how American society perceives risks and uncertainties, as well as how actors from the fracking industry frame their debate, is shown through the use of boundary work. This leads us to our question; is boundary work a sufficient tool to analyze the controversy of hydraulic fracturing? In order to find an answer to this we must understand how both sides of the debate construct their views of risk and uncertainty which will be assisted through Becks theory of risk society. Through this theory, the relevance between hydraulic fracturing and global development exists hase of development of modern society in which the social, political ecological and individual risks created by the momentum of innovation increasingly elude the control and protective institutions of industrial society (Beck, 1999, pp. 2). The modernizing of society into a risk society is the connection this controversy experiences in relation to globalization and development. Hydraulic fracturing is a debate that can best be explicated through understanding the social contructivist approach, risk society, and boundary work in order to uncover its path in globalization and development. A social constructivist approach is relevant in understanding how knowledge and debates are formulated by differing soci al groups. Using this theoretical framework provides us with a background on how a technology, in this case hydraulic fracturing, is constructed through separate discourses. According to Bilker, In the social construction of technology approach (SCOT), relevant social groups are the starting point. Technical artifacts are described through the eyes of the members of these groups. The interactions within and among relevant social groups can give different meanings to the same. (Bilker, 2001, pp. 26). In order to understand how controversial hydraulic fracturing is, the importance of how this technology is socially constructed among the relevant social groups is crucial. Thus looking at the controversy through a social constructivist study of the technology does not strictly mean we are applying Just an ontological position (Bilker, 1993, pp. 115). In order to understand how actors create a controversy over a technology it is best understood from Ulrich Becks theory of risk society. Beck explains how society moves from an industrial society to a risk society through two phases. Phase one: where self-harm is systematically produced but is not a public issue or in any way the center of political conflict, and phase two: hazards from the industrial society now dominate the political and public debates (Beck, 1999, pp. 72). These phases are distinguished due to an increase in knowledge distribution, and the understanding that calculable risks in an industrial society became incalculable and unpredictable now in a risk society. Understanding the different levels of risk interpretation by different actors builds support on why they may or may not support a technology. In the case of hydraulic fracturing, proponents argue fracking outcomes result in simplistic risks, which means they are manageable and can be easily calculated. In responding to potential opponents, the industry argues that risks can be managed through existing and rapidly improving technologies. A press release from the Marcellus Shale Coalition (2010) proposes what their argumentation looks like: The members of the Marcellus Shale Coalition develop and drill wells in an environmentally responsible manner, including the use of hydraulic fracturing to complete a well for production. Hydraulic fracturing has been an established and proven practice for 60 years in Pennsylvania and around the country, and has been regulated successfully by state agencies. There have been no identified groundwater contamination incidents due to hydraulic fracturing. In the additional measures to secure the extraction process, the strong pipe and the layers of cement, make hydraulic fracturing a very safe way to access the gas. Further security is guaranteed by the new, modern character of the technology. As a direct response to the risk of contains methane gas naturally and that it is not a poison. If methane gas would leak into the atmosphere, it is of no significant danger, because the half-life is a lot shorter than the one of carbon dioxide for example (Howarth, Ingraffea Engelder, 2011, p. 274-275). Opponents argue that risk outcomes from fracking are ambiguous and create unpredictable uncertainties. Beck explains, the face of the unforeseeable and unaccountable consequences of large-scale technologies, it is necessary to re- define the rules and principles (Beck 1993, pp. 78-79). The opponents arguments focus on environmental risks and health issues. They claim that shale fracking is not clean. The toxic additives used to extract the gas from the shale are likely to leak into the groundwater, which is a threat to the ecosystem. Acids, Benzene and friction reducers harm living beings, if they are exposed to those chemicals. Especially children are vulnerable. (Lauver, 2012, p. 383-385). A second major concern is linked to water contamination an air pollution caused by the exploited gas, methane. Methane might leak from the fissures and the well into the water and the environment. This gas is known as a very potent greenhouse gas, too. . to 7. 9% of the fracking methane gas escapes into the atmosphere. This is twice as much as amount of conventional gas leaking into the atmosphere. Additionally, the diesel pumps which are used to pump the water into the well pollute the air as well. (Finkel Hays, 2013, p. 890; Holzman, 2011). An additional argument related to environmental impacts from fracking is an increase of low-magnitude eart hquakes in fracking areas, where no such earthquakes have occurred until the start of fracking. This is especially the case in northern Texas. In November alone, 16 earthquakes have been registered. The strongest earthquake, which was registered in the area near Mineral Wells on November 13, 2013, had a magnitude of 3. 6. As this is a new experience for the people leaving it that area and thus, research on the relation between hydraulic fracturing and the occurrence of the earthquakes (RT, 2013a; Ellsworth, Robertson Hook, 2013). The Massachusetts Statehouse is seeking a ten year ban of fracking to protect the drinking water, as uncertainties about the origins of earthquakes in Texas grow (RT, 2013b). This theory of risk society explains how risk and uncertainties differ between actors in more detail. It is how these actors frame their debate which creates a controversial element in the fracking debate. This type of framing is done through the use of boundary work. According to Gieryn boundary work is a strategic and purposeful act in which boundaries are drawn between realms, for example between science and non-science and between science and politics. (van Asselt, 2008, pp. 288). Actors use boundary work as a way to construct an ongoing role or goal portrayed in a particular way, and then presented to others. In the controversy of hydraulic fracturing we can see the use of boundary work used y proponents, arguing that Shale gas is a bridging or transitional technology, the technique results in simple calculable risks, it supports the economy, and much of the public has been misinformed. Having less greenhouse gas emissions than other fossil fuels, shale gas decreases global warming. They see gas as the lesser evil compared to other fossil fuels especially coal. The large resources make shale gas an important factor for US energy needs and its economic renewal. On a global scale, hydraulic fracturing is presented as one breakthrough for the growing world sources (Chyba, 2013; Halliburton, 2008). Not only does the fracking industry propose economic and energy benefits but the evidence proposed by the opposing actors is classed as too subjective, or non-science. According to Terry Engelder, an employee at the Depertment of Geosciences at Pennsylvania State University, Risk perception is ultimately subjective: facts are all too easily combined with emotional responses. With hydraulic fracturing, as in many cases fear levels exceed the evidence. (Howarth, Ingraffea Engelder, 2011). We can see how boundary work in this case is divided strongly between perceptions of science and non-science. In the case of opponent arguments, boundary work is seen in a form of the lay knowledge divide. According to Wynne, the lay people are the grassroots expertise, informal knowledge which lay people may well have about the validity of expert assumptions about real-world conditions is also an important category of lay knowledge that is usually systematically under-recognized. (Wynne, 1996, pp. 59). Proponents exclude lay knowledge and uncertainties that are uncovered by the lay public by dividing science from non-science knowledge. These stories from Pennsylvania are very alarming, said Dr. Sheila Bushkin, MD, MPH of the Institute for Health and the Environment at University at Albany. The perspective of the gas industry fails to show adequate concern for the long-term health and quality of life of people. When you listen to the personal experiences of actual residents of Pennsylvania and other states where fracking has gone forward, you will hear stories of dead cows, pets, sick children, poisoned water and other serious health and environmental problems.

Driving Age free essay sample

Driving age Turning the age of fifteen is a huge step in the life of a teen. When becoming this age a new challenge is brought into the persons life, the task of driving a car. But are fifteen year olds ready for this task. Driving a car is a task that should only be taken on by teenagers over the age of eighteen, because they are more responsible and understand the risks involved. In this essay I will explain and give reasons on why I think that the driving age should be raised to be able to get your drivers license at. 102 First Argument Teenagers not needing vehicles In todays society the idea of fifteen, sixteen and seventeen year olds operating cars has become a way of life. But if one stops to think about it, there is no need for these drivers to be on the road. Most of these drivers still live at home and have no Job because theyre still in school. We will write a custom essay sample on Driving Age or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page So they have no Job to drive to or from. To go to school they can take the bus or be dropped off by their parents. I know theres so many times when I want to drive somewhere because my parents arent home or I Just want o be by myself outside of the house. Im sure a lot of teenagers that are younger than sixteen cant wait to be able to get on the road. Maybe they arent responsible enough, but then they shouldnt be driving. 144 Second Argument Accidents are caused mostly by teenagers The dramatic increase in teen accidents has lead major portions of the public to favor the driving age to be raised to eighteen. The direct concern is over fifteen, sixteen and seventeen -year-old drivers if they are responsible and experienced nough to drive on the road. Most New Zealand citizens agree that accidents involving teen drivers are their lack of Judgment and irresponsibility as a driver, and as well as their lack of experience and poor attention to details. I believe that the increase in teen accidents may decrease if the driving age is raised to eighteen. 98 Teenagers between the ages of fifteen, sixteen and seventeen years of age are more prone to get in a car accident then an eighteen or nineteen-year-old driver. There is a mall percent of teens on the road that obey the traffic laws, but there are many teen drivers that are reckless and showoffs. They rather gamble their life away drag racing down the freeway or down the street then acting responsible and mature while driving. The consequences of unsafe or irresponsible teen driving a cause 77% of automobile accidents. Parents and other supporters may argue that there is no difference between an eighteen-year-old driver to a sixteen or seventeen year old driver between the amount of experience they have. 123